برگشت به فهرست مقالات | برگشت به فهرست نسخه ها

XML English Abstract Print

مدل ساختاری ذهن‌خوانی براساس ترومای دوران کودکی، هوش هیجانی و استرس ادراک شده در دانشجویان
آمنه بخشی زاده1 ، حسین ابراهیمی مقدم*2 ، مالک میرهاشمی1
1- دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد رودهن، ایران
2- دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد رودهن، ایران ، hem_psy@yahoo.com
چکیده:   (227 مشاهده)

هدف پژوهش حاضر برازش مدل ذهن‌خوانی براساس ترومای دوران کودکی و استرس ادراک‌شده با توجه نقش میانجی هوش هیجانی بود. در این مطالعه همبستگی از نوع مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری تعداد 336 دانشجوی دانشگاه آزاد واحد رودهن در سال‌ تحصیلی 01-1400 به شیوه نمونه‌گیری دردسترس انتخاب شدند. برای گردآوری داده‌‌های این پژوهش از پرسشنامه هوش هیجانی (SSEIT) شات (1990)، آزمون تصویر چشم (RMET) برای سنجش ذهن‌خوانی، پرسشنامه استرس ادراک‌شده (PSS) کوهن (1983) و پرسشنامه ترومای دوران کودکی (CTQ) برنشتاین (2003) استفاده شد. تحلیل داده‌ها با استفاده از روش همبستگی پیرسون با نرم‌افزار SPSS-27 و معادلات ساختاری با روش بوت استرپ با نرم‌افزار AMOS-26 انجام شد. یافته‌ها نشان داد که ترومای دوران کودکی، استرس ادراک‌شده و هوش هیجانی بر ذهن‌خوانی دانشجویان تاثیر معناداری دارد. علاوه‌بر این، هوش هیجانی در رابطه بین ترومای کودکی و استرس ادراک‌شده در ذهن‌خوانی دانشجویان نقش میانجی دارد. بر این اساس، به نظر می‌رسد هوش هیجانی دانشجویان سبب کاهش اثر تروماهای گذشته و ادراک‌ منفی استرس بر ذهن‌خوانی آنان می‌شود.

واژه‌های کلیدی: استرس ادراک‌شده، ترومای دوران کودکی، ذهن‌خوانی، شناخت اجتماعی، هوش هیجانی
     
نوع مطالعه: پژوهشي | موضوع مقاله: تخصصي
دریافت: 1403/7/6 | ویرایش نهایی: 1404/1/28 | پذیرش: 1404/3/8 | انتشار الکترونیک پیش از انتشار نهایی: 1404/5/2 | انتشار: 1404/5/10
فهرست منابع
1. Aboulghasemi, A., & Narimani, M. (2006). Psychological tests (In Persian). Ardabil, Iran: Bagh Rezvan
2. Ahmadian, A. (2012). The effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on blood pressure, stress, and happiness in male patients with hypertension at Golestan Hospital Ahvaz (Master's thesis, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. (In Persian)
3. Amirtimouri, R. (2011). The mediating role of emotional intelligence and coping styles for stress factors and stress symptoms in high school students (Master's thesis, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht Branch). (In Persian)
4. Andreou, E., Alexopoulos, E. C., Lionis, C., Varvogli, L., Gnardellis, C., Chrousos, G. P., & Darviri, C. (2011). Perceived Stress Scale: Reliability and validity study in Greece. International journal of Environmental Research and public Health, 8(8), 3287-3298. [DOI:10.3390/ijerph8083287] [PMID] []
5. Baksh, R. A. (2018). Edinburgh Social Cognition Test (ESCoT): A new test of theory of mind and social norm understanding. (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Edinburgh). [DOI:10.1037/t70086-000]
6. Beck, A.T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. Penguin Books.
7. Bernstein, D. P., Stein, J. A., Newcomb, M. D., Walker, E., Pogge, D., Ahluvalia, T., ... Zule, W. (2003). Development and validation of a brief screening version of the childhood trauma Questionnaire. Child abuse & neglect, 27(2), 169-190. [DOI:10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00541-0] [PMID]
8. Besharat, M. A., Nadeali, H., & Azizi, K. (2010). Emotional intelligence and coping styles with stress. Journal of Educational Studies and Learning, 2(1). (In Persian)
9. Betz, L. T., Penzel, N., Rosen, M., & Kambeitz, J. (2021). Relationships between childhood trauma and perceived stress in the general population: A network perspective. Psychological Medicine, 51(15), 2696-2706. [DOI:10.1017/S003329172000135X] [PMID]
10. Cheraghani Bozchelui, Z., Alimoradi, M., Naderi Lordejani, M., & Ghanbari, A. (2018). The relationship between emotional intelligence and social cognition with self-efficacy in students (In Persian). In Proceeding of 6th Scientific Research Conference on Educational Sciences and Psychology, Social and Cultural Issues in Iran. Tehran, Iran.
11. Chou, C.-P., & Bentler, P. M. (1995). Estimates and tests in structural equation modeling. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modelling: Concepts, issues, and applications. Sage Publications.
12. Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385-396. [DOI:10.2307/2136404] [PMID]
13. Conte, E., Grazzani, I., & Pepe, A. (2018). Social cognition, language, and prosocial behaviors: A multitrait mixed-methods study in early childhood. Early Education and Development, 29(6), 814-830. [DOI:10.1080/10409289.2018.1475820]
14. Couette, M., Mouchabac, S., Adrien, V., Cagnone, V., Bourla, A., & Ferreri, F. (2022). Functional neuro-anatomy of social cognition in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. Psychiatry Research, 315, 114729. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114729] [PMID]
15. Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115(1), 74-101. [DOI:10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.74]
16. Davis, S. K., & Humphrey, N. (2012). Emotional intelligence predicts adolescent mental health beyond personality and cognitive ability. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(2), 144-149. [DOI:10.1016/j.paid.2011.09.016]
17. Deckers, J. W., Lobbestael, J., Van Wingen, G. A., Kessels, R. P., Arntz, A., & Egger, J. I. (2015). The influence of stress on social cognition in patients with borderline personality disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 52, 119-129. [DOI:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.11.003] [PMID]
18. Devries, K. M., Mak, J. Y., Child, J. C., Falder, G., Bacchus, L. J., Astbury, J., & Watts, C. H. (2014). Childhood sexual abuse and suicidal behavior: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 133(5), e1331-e1344. [DOI:10.1542/peds.2013-2166] [PMID]
19. Ebrahimi H., Dezhkam M., & Seghatoleslam, T. (2013). Childhood traumas and suicidal behaviors in adulthood. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 19(4), 275-282. (In Persian)
20. Eddy, C. M., & Hansen, P. C. (2020). Predictors of performance on the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test. PLoS One, 15(7), e0235529. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0235529] [PMID] []
21. Eickers, G., & Prinz, J. (2020). Emotion recognition as a social skill. In E.Fridland & C. Paves (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of philosophy of skill and expertise (pp. 347-361). Routledge. [DOI:10.4324/9781315180809-34]
22. Fan, J., Liu, W., Xia, J., Gao, F., Meng, C., Han, Y., ... & Zhu, X. (2022). Childhood trauma is associated with social anhedonia and brain gray matter volume differences in healthy subjects. Brain Imaging and Behavior, 16(5), 1964-1972. [DOI:10.1007/s11682-022-00666-1] [PMID]
23. Ferrer, C. M. S. (2012). How to influence the new technologies in the emotional intelligence and Communication of higher education student. In A. D. Fabio (Ed.), Emotional intelligence: New perspectives and applications (pp. 279-288). IntechOpen.
24. Fonagy, P., Luyten, P., & Strathearn, L. (2011). Borderline personality disorder, mentalization, and the neurobiology of attachment. Infant Mental Health journal, 32(1), 47-69. [DOI:10.1002/imhj.20283] [PMID]
25. Gakis, M., Cichoń, E., Cyrkot, T., & Szczepanowski, R. (2018). Consciousness and social cognition from an interactionist perspective: A new approach on understanding normal and abnormal relations between metacognition and mindreading. In Prefrontal Cortex. IntechOpen. [DOI:10.5772/intechopen.79584]
26. Giotakos, O. (2020). Neurobiology of emotional trauma. Psychiatriki, 31(2), 162-171. [DOI:10.22365/jpsych.2020.312.162] [PMID]
27. Gottfredson, R. K., & Becker, W. J. (2023). How past trauma impacts emotional intelligence: Examining the connection. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1067509. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1067509] [PMID] []
28. Heidari Tafreshi, G. H. H., & Delfan Azari, G. H. A. (2011). Study of the relationship between Students' emotional intelligence and their skills of dealing with stress (Article in persian). Educational Administration Research Quarterly, 2(2), 15-24.
29. Henry, J. D., Von Hippel, W., Molenberghs, P., Lee, T., & Sachdev, P. S. (2016). Clinical assessment of social cognitive function in neurological disorders. Nature Reviews Neurology, 12(1), 28-39. [DOI:10.1038/nrneurol.2015.229] [PMID]
30. Henry, A., Allain, P., & Potard, C. (2022). Relationships between theory of mind and attachment styles in emerging adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 29(3), 179-191. [DOI:10.1007/s10804-022-09399-3]
31. Hjelseng, I. V., Vaskinn, A., Ueland, T., Lunding, S. H., Reponen, E. J., Steen, N. E., ... Aas, M. (2022). Childhood trauma is associated with poorer social functioning in severe mental disorders both during an active illness phase and in remission. Schizophrenia Research, 243, 241-246. [DOI:10.1016/j.schres.2020.03.015] [PMID]
32. Hofman, N. L. (2014). Emotion regulation deficits as mediators of the relationship between trauma, emotional intelligence, antisocial behaviors, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and alcohol use and related problems (Doctoral dissertation, University of South Dakota).
33. Jafari Veldani, H., Ghasemzadeh, M., & Ahmadi, M. (2018). The predictive role of childhood trauma in the occurrence of anxiety and stress among incarcerated criminals (Article in Persian). Journal of Intelligence and Criminal Research, 13(3), 190-200.
34. Jamshidi, O., goudarzi, M., sharari, A., & Anet, Z. (2017). The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Team Effectiveness of Male and Female Students participating in the 11th Student Cultural and Sport Olympiad. Sport Management Journal, 8(6), 845-860. {In Persian}
35. Jung, H., & Lee, D. (2021). Influence of childhood trauma on former prisoners' attributional style and recidivism in three years. Collabra: Psychology, 7(1), Article 22128. [DOI:10.1525/collabra.22128]
36. Karos, K., Niederstrasser, N. G., Abidi, L., Bader, K., & Bernstein, D. (2014). Factor structure, reliability, and known groups validity of the German-Language version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (Short-Form) in Swiss patients and non-patients. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 23(4), 418-430. [DOI:10.1080/10538712.2014.896840] [PMID]
37. Kaurin, A., Schönfelder, S., & Wessa, M. (2018). Self-compassion buffers the link between self-criticism and depression in trauma-exposed firefighters. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 65(4), 453-462. [DOI:10.1037/cou0000275] [PMID]
38. Kazemi, F., Bayanfar, F., & Delbari, A. (2020). The relationship between cognitive ability, emotional control, emotional intelligence, and mental health in divorced women covered by Sabzevar Welfare. (Conference presentation). The 8th Scientific Research Conference on Educational Sciences and Psychology, Social and Cultural Issues in Iran. Tehran. (In Persian)
39. Khosro Javid, M. (2002). Validity and reliability of the emotional intelligence factor shot among adolescents (Master's thesis, Tarbiat Modarres University). (In Persian)
40. Kilian, S., Asmal, L., Chiliza, B., Olivier, M. R., Phahladira, L., Scheffler, F., ... & Emsley, R. (2018). Childhood adversity and cognitive function in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and healthy controls: Evidence for an association between neglect and social cognition. Psychological Medicine, 48(13), 2186-2193. [DOI:10.1017/S0033291717003671] [PMID]
41. Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Press.
42. Kwako, L. E., Szanton, S. J., Saligan, L. N., & Gill, J. M. (2011). Major depressive disorder in persons exposed to trauma: Relationship between emotional intelligence and social support. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 17(3), 237-245. [DOI:10.1177/1078390311402498] [PMID]
43. Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
44. Levy, J., Goldstein, A., & Feldman, R. (2019). The neural development of empathy is sensitive to caregiving and early trauma. Nature Communications, 10(1), 1905. [DOI:10.1038/s41467-019-09927-y] [PMID] []
45. Liu, H., & Boyatzis, R. E. (2021). Focusing on resilience and renewal from stress: The role of emotional and social intelligence competencies. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 685829. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.685829] [PMID] []
46. Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 151-173. [DOI:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_1]
47. Mahmoud Aliloo, M., Bakhshipoor, A., Bafandeh Garamaleki, H., Khanjani, Z., & Ranjbar, F. (2011). Investigation of theory of mind deficits in schizophrenic patients with positive and negative symptoms and comparison with healthy individuals. Joutnal of Psychology, 6(22), 85-102. (In Persian)
48. Mahmoudi M, Saberi H, Besharadoust, S. (2022). Predicting psychological distress based on childhood trauma with the mediating role of emotional dysregulation. Journal of Cognitive Sciences Innovations. 24, (3), 41-56. {In Persian}
49. Masten, A. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2010). Developmental cascades. Development and psychopathology, 22(3), 491-495. [DOI:10.1017/S0954579410000222] [PMID]
50. Mayer, J. D., & Salovey, P. (1997). What is Emotional Intelligence? In P. Salovey & D. J. Sluyter (Eds.), Emotional Development and Emotional Intelligence: Educational Implications (pp. 3-31). Basic Books.
51. McManus, E., Haroon, H., Duncan, N. W., Elliott, R., & Muhlert, N. (2022). The effects of stress across the lifespan on the brain, cognition and mental health: A UK Biobank study. Neurobiology of Stress, 18, 100447. [DOI:10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100447] [PMID] []
52. Miyake, A., & Friedman, N. P. (2012). The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions: Four general conclusions. Current Directions in psychological Science, 21(1), 8-14. [DOI:10.1177/0963721411429458] [PMID] []
53. Mohammadinejad, A. (2022). Examining the role of cognitive and metacognitive strategies in stress coping skills of secondary school students. In proceeding of the 3rd International Conference on Psychology, Counseling, and Educational Sciences, Tehran. (In Persian)
54. Mozumder, M. K. (2022). Reliability and validity of the perceived stress scale in Bangladesh. PlOS ONE, 17(10), e0276837. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0276837] [PMID] []
55. Nasir-Daghighan, M., & Karimzadeh, M. (2017). Self-esteem and emotional intelligence and percived stress in women with HIV/AIDS. In Proceeding of the 6th Scientific Research Conference on Educational Sciences and Psychological Association in Iran (Tehran). (In Persian)
56. Nejati, V., Zabihraddeh, A., Maleki, G., & Mohseni, M. (2012). Social cognitive impairment in patients with major depression: Evidence from the eye reading test. Journal of Applied Psychology, 6(4), 57-70.
57. Nilsen, F.M., Ruiz, J.D.C., & Tulve, N.S. (2020). A meta-analysis of stressors from the total environment associated with Children's general cognitive ability. International Research and Public Health, 17, 5451. [DOI:10.3390/ijerph17155451] [PMID] []
58. Nolte, T., Bolling, D. Z., Hudac, C. M., Fonagy, P., Mayes, L., & Pelphrey, K. A. (2013). Brain mechanisms underlying the impact of attachment-related stress on social cognition. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 816. [DOI:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00816] [PMID] []
59. Olderbak, S., Wilhelm, O., Olaru, G., Geiger, M., Brenneman, M. W., & Roberts, R. D. (2015). A psychometric analysis of the reading the mind in the eyes test: Toward a brief form for research and applied settings. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 1503. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01503] [PMID] []
60. Phillips, A. C. (2016). Perceived stress. In M. D. Gellman & J. Turner (Eds.), Encyclopedia of behavioral medicine (pp. 1). Springer.
61. Pionke-Ubych, R., Frydecka, D., Cechnicki, A., Nelson, B., & Gawęda, Ł. (2021). The indirect effect of trauma via cognitive biases and self-disturbances on psychotic-like experiences. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 611069. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.611069] [PMID] []
62. Pourseid, S. M., Motavalli, M. M., Pourseid, S. R., & Ebrahimi, Z. (2015). The relationship between perceived stress, perfectionism, social support, academic burnout, and academic performance of students (In Persian). Journal of Educational Strategies in Medical Sciences, 8(3), 187-194.
63. Rokita, K. I., Dauvermann, M. R., Mothersill, D., Holleran, L., Holland, J., Costello, L., ... & Donohoe, G. (2021). Childhood trauma, parental bonding, and social cognition in patients with schizophrenia and healthy adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77(1), 241-253. [DOI:10.1002/jclp.23023] [PMID]
64. Sadeghinejad, M., Mohtashami, S., Abbasi, Z., Fatahi Ardakani, A., Babaei, M., & Soltani, A. (2018). The role of trauma, emotional intelligence, and social skills in predicting behavioral problems in orphaned and neglected adolescents in semi-family care centers in Kerman City. Iranian Journal of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences. (41), 44-53. (In Persian)
65. Salami, S., Naeimi, A., Zargar, Y., & Davoodi, A. (2016). Effectiveness of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy on social competence and emotional regulation of abused children. Social Psychology Research, 6(23), 65-76.
66. Sarafim-Silva, B. A. M., & Bernabé, D. G. (2021). Emotional intelligence for coping with the consequences of childhood trauma. In The Science of Emotional Intelligence (P. 47).
67. Schalinski, I., Teicher, M. H., Carolus, A. M., & Rockstroh, B. (2018). Defining the impact of childhood adversities on cognitive deficits in psychosis: An exploratory analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 192, 351-356. [DOI:10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.014] [PMID]
68. Shahni Yeilagh, M., Shojaie, A., Behroozi, N., & Maktabi, G. (2011). The relationship between emotional intelligence, social skills and psychological well-being in female Students of Shahid Chamran University. Psychological Achievements, 18(1), 73-92.
69. Schutte, N. S., Malouff, J. M., Hall, L. E., Haggerty, D. J., Cooper, J. T., Golden, C. J., & Dornheim, L. (1998). Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences, 25(2), 167-177. [DOI:10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00001-4]
70. Sheinbaum, T., Kwapil, T. R., Ballespí, S., Mitjavila, M., Chun, C. A., Silvia, P. J., & Barrantes-Vidal, N. (2015). Attachment style predicts affect, cognitive appraisals, and social functioning in daily life. Frontiers in psychology, 6, 296. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00296] [PMID] []
71. Smeets, T., Dziobek, I., & Wolf, O. T. (2009). Social cognition under stress: Differential effects of stress-induced cortisol elevations in healthy young men and women. Hormones and Behavior, 55(4), 507-513. [DOI:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.01.011] [PMID]
72. Stevens, J. S., & Jovanovic, T. (2019). Role of social cognition in post‐traumatic stress disorder: A review and meta‐analysis. Genes, Brain and Behavior, 18(1), e12518. [DOI:10.1111/gbb.12518] [PMID] []
73. Tiwari, S., & Bhagat, D. (2021). Moderating effect of emotional intelligence on occupational stress and burnout of health care professionals. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 14(4), 39-54. [DOI:10.17010/pijom/2021/v14i4/158724]
74. Tolegenova, A. A., Jakupov, S. M., Chung, M. C., Saduova, S., & Jakupov, M. S. (2012). A theoretical formation of emotional intelligence and childhood trauma among adolescents. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 69, 1891-1894. [DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.12.142]
75. Trigueros, R., Sanchez-Sanchez, E., Mercader, I., Aguilar-Parra, J. M., López-Liria, R., Morales-Gázquez, M. J., Fernández-Campoy, J. M., & Rocamora, P. (2020). Relationship between emotional intelligence, social skills and peer harassment: A study with high school students. International journal of Environmental Research and public Health, 17(12), 4208. [DOI:10.3390/ijerph17124208] [PMID] []
76. Turner, R., Louie, K., Parvez, A., Modaffar, M., Rezaie, R., Greene, T., ... & Bloomfield, M. A. (2022). The effects of developmental trauma on theory of mind and its relationship to psychotic experiences: A behavioural study. Psychiatry Research, 312, 114544. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114544] [PMID]
77. Ugwu, L. E., Idemudia, E. S., Akokuwebe, M. E., & Onyedibe, M. C. C. (2024). Beyond the shadows of trauma: Exploring the synergy of emotional intelligence and distress disclosure in Nigerian adolescents' trauma journey. South African Journal of Psychology, 54(1), 35-50. [DOI:10.1177/00812463241227515]
78. van Dijk, S. D., Veenstra, M. S., van den Brink, R. H., van Alphen, S. P., & Oude Voshaar, R. C. (2023). A systematic review of the heterogeneity of schema therapy. Journal of Personality Disorders, 37(2), 233-262. [DOI:10.1521/pedi.2023.37.2.262] [PMID]
79. Varo, C., Jiménez, E., Solé, B., Bonnín, C., Torrent, C., Lahera, G., Benabarre, A., Saiz, P., de la Fuente, L., & Martínez‐Arán, A. (2019). Social cognition in bipolar disorder: the role of sociodemographic, clinical, and neurocognitive variables in emotional intelligence. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 139(4), 369-380. [DOI:10.1111/acps.13014] [PMID]
80. Vaskinn, A., Engelstad, K. N., Torgalsbøen, A. K., & Rund, B. R. (2021). Childhood trauma, social cognition and schizophrenia: Specific association between physical neglect and cognitive theory of mind in homicide offenders. Psychiatry research, 303, 114093. [DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114093] [PMID]
81. Villanueva, L., Prado-Gascó, V., & Montoya-Castilla, I. (2022). Longitudinal analysis of subjective well-being in preadolescents: The role of emotional intelligence, self-esteem and perceived stress. Journal of health psychology, 27(2), 278-291. [DOI:10.1177/1359105320951605] [PMID]
82. Weis, C. N., Webb, E. K., deRoon-Cassini, T. A., & Larson, C. L. (2022). Emotion dysregulation following trauma: Shared neurocircuitry of traumatic brain injury and trauma-related psychiatric disorders. Biological psychiatry, 91(5), 470-477. [DOI:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.07.023] [PMID] []
83. World Health Organizaion (2020). Child maltreatment.
84. Yılmaz, M. (2012). Thinking skill of emotional intelligence education programme. In A. D. Fabio (Ed.). Emotional Intelligence: New perspectives and applications (pp. 261-278). IntechOpen. [DOI:10.5772/31784]
85. Zhang, H., Gao, X., Liang, Y., Yao, Q., & Wei, Q. (2024). Does child maltreatment reduce or increase empathy? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 25(1), 166-182. [DOI:10.1177/15248380221145734] [PMID]
86. Zhang, J., Wu, Z., Chen, M., Gao, Y., Liu, Z., Long, Y., & Chen, X. (2024). Factor analysis and evaluation of one-year test-retest reliability of the 33-item Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in Chinese adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1384807. [DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1384807] [PMID] []
87. Zhao, J., Xiang, Y., Zhao, J., Li, Q., Dong, X., & Zhang, W. (2020). The relationship between childhood maltreatment and benign/malicious envy among Chinese college students: the mediating role of emotional intelligence. The Journal of General Psychology, 147(3), 277-292. [DOI:10.1080/00221309.2020.1743229] [PMID]
ارسال پیام به نویسنده مسئول

بازنشر اطلاعات
Creative Commons License این مقاله تحت شرایط Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License قابل بازنشر است.

کلیه حقوق این وب سایت متعلق به روانشناسی معاصر، دوفصلنامه انجمن روانشناسی ایران می باشد.

طراحی و برنامه نویسی : یکتاوب افزار شرق